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A torque converter in modern usage, is usually a fluid coupling that is used in order to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, for example an electric motor or an internal combustion engine, to a rotating driven load. Same as a basic fluid coupling, the torque converter takes the place of a mechanical clutch. This allows the load to be separated from the main power source. A torque converter can offer the equivalent of a reduction gear by being able to multiply torque whenever there is a significant difference between input and output rotational speed.
The fluid coupling unit is the most common kind of torque converter utilized in car transmissions. During the 1920's there were pendulum-based torque or also called Constantinesco converter. There are various mechanical designs for continuously changeable transmissions that have the ability to multiply torque. Like for instance, the Variomatic is one version that has expanding pulleys and a belt drive.
The 2 element drive fluid coupling cannot multiply torque. Torque converters have an component known as a stator. This alters the drive's characteristics through times of high slippage and generates an increase in torque output.
There are a at least three rotating elements within a torque converter: the turbine, which drives the load, the impeller, which is mechanically driven by the prime mover and the stator, that is between the impeller and the turbine so that it can change oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. Traditionally, the design of the torque converter dictates that the stator be stopped from rotating under any situation and this is where the word stator begins from. In fact, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch. This design prevents the stator from counter rotating with respect to the prime mover while still permitting forward rotation.
In the three element design there have been adjustments which have been integrated sometimes. Where there is higher than normal torque manipulation is needed, changes to the modifications have proven to be worthy. More often than not, these adjustments have taken the form of many turbines and stators. Each set has been designed to produce differing amounts of torque multiplication. Some instances consist of the Dynaflow which makes use of a five element converter in order to produce the wide range of torque multiplication needed to propel a heavy vehicle.
Different automobile converters consist of a lock-up clutch in order to lessen heat and to be able to enhance the cruising power and transmission efficiency, although it is not strictly component of the torque converter design. The application of the clutch locks the turbine to the impeller. This causes all power transmission to be mechanical which eliminates losses related with fluid drive.